1.2- Scientific Classification + Before APG system The family, which was originally created in 1805, now contains about 1600 species, divided into about 75 genera, 17 tribes and three subfamilies, the Agapanthoideae(agapanthus),Allioideae(onionsand chives) andAmaryllidoideae(amaryllis,daffodils, snowdrops). Over time it has seen much reorganisation and at various times was combined together with the related Liliaceae. The current phylogenetic era began with the work of Fay and Chase (1996) who developed the broader (sensu lato) concept of the family, utilising theplastidgenerubiscorbcLto demonstrate monophyly across three earlier families (Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae)and incorporating them into one large Amaryllidaceae family, the component families being reduced to subfamilies. + Classification depending on APG III system (2009) Since 2009 a very broad view has prevailed based onphylogenetics, and including a number of other former families. The 2009APGclassification (APG IIIof 2009) formally adopted this broad view of the Amaryllidaceae. TheAngiosperm Phylogeny Website(2013 onwards) lists 73 genera and 1605 species,whileThe Plant List(2013) gives 80 genera and 2,258 species. The Amaryllidaceae has threesubfamilies; 1- Agapanthoideae- previously the Agapanthaceae family with a single genus 2- Allioideae- previously the Alliaceae family with around 20 genera 3- Amaryllidoideae- previously the Amaryllidaceae family with about sixty genera. These subfamilies are then further divided intotribesandgeneraas follows (see also Cladogram, below): 1- Subfamily Agapanthoideae - GenusAgapanthus 2- Subfamily Allioideae + Tribe Allieae - GenusAllium + Tribe Tulbaghieae - GenusTulbaghia + TribeGilliesieae(18 genera) 3- Subfamily Amaryllidoideae (15 tribes) 1- Tribe AmaryllideaeDumortier 2- Tribe CalostemmateaeD. & U. Müller-Doblies 3- Tribe ClinantheaeMeerow 4- Tribe CyrtantheaeTraub 5- Tribe EucharidaeHutch. 6- Tribe EustephieaeHutch. 7- Tribe GalantheaeParlatore 8- Tribe GriffineaeRavenna 9- Tribe HaemantheaeHutch. 10- Tribe HippeastreaeSweet(Two subtribes) 11- Tribe HymenocallideaeSmall 12- Tribe LycoridaeD. & U. Müller-Doblies 13- Tribe NarcisseaeLamarck & de Candolle 14- Tribe PancratieaeDumortier 15- Tribe StenomesseaeTraub
2.2- Subfamily Allioideae + Overview Allioideaeis a subfamily ofmonocotflowering plantsin thefamilyAmaryllidaceae,orderAsparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family,Alliaceae.The subfamily name is derived from thegeneric nameof thetypegenus,Allium. The subfamily contains both well known garden plants, but alsoweeds, such as Nothoscordum. + Taxonomy - Traditional System In the early twentieth century there were doubts expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of theovary.Lotsywas the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985)and Rahn (1998). In 1985,Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber but with a more cladisticapproach,defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plusAgapanthusand a group of genera that are now placed inThemidaceae, or its equivalent, the subfamilyBrodiaeoideaeof Asparagaceae.They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies:Agapanthoideae, Allioideae,andGilliesioideae. - Phylogenetic analyses Successive revisions of theAngiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification have changed thecircumscriptionof the family. In the1998version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the2003version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceaesensu strictowas recommended but optional; in the2009version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae. In theAPG II systemof 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized sensu stricto or sensu lato, as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, theICBNconservedthe name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae sensu lato in APG II. When theAPG III systemwas published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae sensu stricto became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae sensu lato.Somebotanistshave not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank. Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamilyBrodiaeoideae(rather than the subfamily Allioideae). + Subdivision Subfamily Allioideae is divided into four tribes: Allieae, Tulbaghieae, Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older Alliaceae family (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). Leucocoryneae was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae nom. nud. to tribe Leucocoryneae. 1- Tribe Allieae Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals free and corona absent. Spathe formed from 2-5 bracts. Style position apical relative to ovary. Ovary usually has two, four or numerous ovules per locule in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere. 2- Tribe Gilliesieae Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long,tepalsmore or less fused and corona absent.Spatheformed from 1-2bracts.Style more or lessgynobasic.Ovaryusually has twoovulesperlocule, side by side.Floral symmetryzygomorphic,septal nectariesabsent. Nine genera native to South America. 3- Tribe Leucocoryneae Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals more or less fused and corona absent. Spathe formed from 1-2 bracts. Style more or less gynobasic. Ovary usually has two ovules per locule, side by side. Floral symmetry actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of Nothoscordum. 4-Tribe Tulbaghieae Characterised by Corm shaped bulb or rhizome. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess acorona, pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa. + Genera As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Subfamily Allioideae: 1- TribeAllieae Genus AlliumL.(includesMilulaPrain) 2- TribeGilliesieae Genus AncrumiaHarv. ex Baker Genus ErinnaPhil. Genus GethyumPhil. Genus GilliesiaLindl.(includingPabelloniaQuezada & Martic. andStemmatiumPhil.) Genus MiersiaLindl. Genus SchickendantziellaLooser Genus SolariaPhil. Genus SpeeaLoes. Genus TrichloraBaker 3- TribeLeucocoryneae Genus BeauverdiaHerter Genus IpheionRafinesque Genus LeucocoryneLindl. Genus NothoscordumKunth. Genus TristagmaPoepp. Genus ZoellneralliumCrosa (1975). 4- TribeTulbaghieae Genus TulbaghiaL. Genus PrototulbaghiaVosa
2.3- Subfamily Amaryllidoideae + Overview Amaryllidoideae is a subfamily of monocotflowering plants in the familyAmaryllidaceae, orderAsparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG III, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae (the old family Amaryllidaceae), and the others are Allioideae (the old family Alliaceae) and Agapanthoideae (the old family Agapanthaceae). The subfamily consists of about sixty genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution. The Amaryllidoideae are herbaceous, perennialflowering plants, usually with bulbs (some are rhizomatous). Their fleshy leaves are arranged in two vertical columns, and their flowers are large. + Taxonomy The subfamily has been further divided into 15 groups or tribes and subtribes. 1- Tribe Amaryllideae Dumortier 2- Tribe Calostemmateae D. & U. Müller-Doblies 3- Tribe CyrtantheaeTraub 4- Tribe Haemantheae Hutch. 5- Tribe Lycoridae D. & U. Müller-Doblies 6- Tribe Galantheae Parlatore 7- Tribe Pancratieae Dumortier 8- Tribe Narcisseae Lamarck & de Candolle 9- Tribe HippeastreaeSweet 10- Tribe Eustephieae Hutch. 11- Tribe Hymenocallideae Small 12- Tribe Stenomesseae Traub 13- Tribe Eucharidae Hutch. 14- Tribe Clinantheae Meerow 15- Tribe GriffineaeRavenna