1- Introduction to the Family Amaryllidaceae

           1.1- Overview
           + General
             The Amaryllidaceae (amaryllids) are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial  and  bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants included in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus  Amaryllis, hence the common name of the amaryllis family.
         The family are found in tropical to subtropical areas of the world and include many ornamental garden plants and  vegetables.
           The leaves are usually linear, the flowers usually bisexual and symmetrical, arranged in umbels on the stem. The petals and sepals are undifferentiated as tepals, which may be fused at the base into a floral tube. Some also display a corona. Allyl sulfide compounds produce the characteristic odour of the onion subfamily (Allioideae).
           + Distribution
               Tropical to subtropical areas of the world.
           + Cultivation and uses
              The Amaryllidaceae include many ornamental garden plants such as  daffodils,  snowdrops and snowflake, pot plants such as amaryllis and Clivia, and vegetables, such as onions, chives, leeks and garlic. A number of tropical lily-like plants are also sold, such as the belladonna lily, tuberose (Polianthes), blood lily (Cape tulip), Cornish lily (Nerine), and the Eurasian winter daffodil, Sternbergia.
               Their economic importance lies in floriculture for cut flowers and bulbs, and commercial vegetable production.

           1.2- Scientific Classification
           + Before APG system
              The family, which was originally created in 1805, now contains about 1600 species, divided into about 75 genera, 17 tribes and three subfamilies, the Agapanthoideae  (agapanthus), Allioideae (onions and chives) and  Amaryllidoideae  (amaryllis, daffodils, snowdrops). Over time it has seen much reorganisation and at various times was combined together with the related Liliaceae.
           The current phylogenetic era began with the work of Fay and Chase (1996) who developed the broader (sensu lato) concept of the family, utilising the  plastid  gene  rubisco rbcL to demonstrate monophyly across three earlier families (Agapanthaceae, Alliaceae, Amaryllidaceae) and incorporating them into one large Amaryllidaceae family, the component families being reduced to subfamilies. 
          + Classification depending on APG III system (2009)
              Since 2009 a very broad view has prevailed based on phylogenetics, and including a number of other former families.
      The 2009 APG classification (APG III of 2009) formally adopted this broad view of the Amaryllidaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (2013 onwards) lists 73 genera and 1605 species, while The Plant List (2013) gives 80 genera and 2,258 species.
               The Amaryllidaceae has three subfamilies;
               1- Agapanthoideae - previously the Agapanthaceae family with a single genus
               2- Allioideae - previously the Alliaceae family with around 20 genera
               3- Amaryllidoideae - previously the Amaryllidaceae family with about sixty genera.
               These subfamilies are then further divided into tribes and genera as follows (see also Cladogram, below):
           1- Subfamily Agapanthoideae
               - Genus Agapanthus
           2- Subfamily Allioideae
           + Tribe Allieae
               -  Genus Allium
           + Tribe Tulbaghieae
               - Genus Tulbaghia
           + Tribe Gilliesieae (18 genera)
           3- Subfamily Amaryllidoideae (15 tribes)
               1- Tribe Amaryllideae Dumortier
               2-  Tribe Calostemmateae D. & U. Müller-Doblies
               3-  Tribe Clinantheae Meerow
               4-  Tribe Cyrtantheae Traub
               5-  Tribe Eucharidae Hutch.
               6-  Tribe Eustephieae Hutch.
               7-  Tribe Galantheae Parlatore
               8-  Tribe Griffineae Ravenna
               9-  Tribe Haemantheae Hutch.
               10-  Tribe Hippeastreae Sweet (Two subtribes)
               11-  Tribe Hymenocallideae Small
               12-  Tribe Lycoridae D. & U. Müller-Doblies
               13-  Tribe Narcisseae Lamarck & de Candolle
               14-  Tribe Pancratieae Dumortier
               15-  Tribe Stenomesseae Traub

2- Subfamilies of the Family Amaryllidaceae

              The Family Amaryllidaceae has three Subfamilies:
              1- Subfamily Agapanthoideae
              2- Subfamily Allioideae
              3- Subfamily Amaryllidoideae

           2.1- Subfamily Agapanthoideae
           + Overview
           Agapanthoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the  family  Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It is one of three subfamilies of the Family Amaryllidaceae. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Agapanthaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, Agapanthus.
           + Genus
               The  family  Amaryllidaceae consists of a single genus, Agapanthus, and is endemic to South Africa.

           2.2- Subfamily Allioideae
           + Overview
        Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the  family  Amaryllidaceae,  order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the  type genus, Allium.
               The subfamily contains both well known garden plants, but also weeds, such as Nothoscordum.
           + Taxonomy
            - Traditional System
         In the early twentieth century there were doubts expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the ovary. Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985) and Rahn (1998).
           In 1985, Dahlgren, Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber but with a more cladistic approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus Agapanthus and a group of genera that are now placed in Themidaceae, or its equivalent, the subfamily  Brodiaeoideae  of Asparagaceae.  They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: Agapanthoideae, Allioideae,  and  Gilliesioideae. 
            - Phylogenetic analyses
             Successive revisions of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification have changed the circumscription of the family. In the 1998 version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the 2003 version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto was recommended but optional; in the 2009 version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.
            In the APG II system of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized sensu stricto or sensu lato, as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the ICBN conserved the name Amaryllidaceae for the family that had been called Alliaceae sensu lato in APG II.
            When the APG III system was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae sensu stricto became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae sensu lato.  Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank. 
       Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily  Brodiaeoideae (rather than the subfamily Allioideae).
           + Subdivision
              Subfamily Allioideae is divided into four tribes: Allieae, Tulbaghieae, Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae. The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older Alliaceae family (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae).  Leucocoryneae was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae nom. nud. to tribe Leucocoryneae.
           1- Tribe Allieae
             Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals free and corona absent. Spathe formed from 2-5 bracts. Style position apical relative to ovary. Ovary usually has two, four or numerous ovules per locule in two longitudinal rows. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere. 
           2- Tribe Gilliesieae
            Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals more or less fused and corona absent. Spathe formed from 1-2 bracts. Style more or less gynobasic. Ovary usually has two ovules per locule, side by side. Floral symmetry zygomorphic, septal nectaries absent. Nine genera native to South America.
           3- Tribe Leucocoryneae
            Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals more or less fused and corona absent. Spathe formed from 1-2 bracts.  Style more or less gynobasic. Ovary usually has two ovules per locule, side by side. Floral symmetry actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with the exception of two species of Nothoscordum.
           4-Tribe Tulbaghieae
            Characterised by Corm shaped bulb or rhizome. Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess acorona, pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa.
            + Genera
                As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Subfamily Allioideae:
            1- Tribe Allieae
                Genus Allium L. (includes Milula Prain)
            2- Tribe Gilliesieae
                Genus Ancrumia Harv. ex Baker
                Genus Erinna Phil.
                Genus Gethyum Phil.
                Genus Gilliesia Lindl. (including Pabellonia Quezada & Martic. and  Stemmatium  Phil.)
                Genus Miersia Lindl.
                Genus Schickendantziella Looser
                Genus Solaria Phil.
                Genus Speea Loes.
                Genus Trichlora Baker
            3- Tribe Leucocoryneae
                Genus Beauverdia Herter 
                Genus Ipheion Rafinesque
                Genus Leucocoryne Lindl.
                Genus Nothoscordum Kunth.
                Genus Tristagma Poepp.
                Genus Zoellnerallium Crosa (1975).
           4- Tribe Tulbaghieae
               Genus Tulbaghia L.
               Genus Prototulbaghia Vosa

           2.3- Subfamily Amaryllidoideae
           + Overview
           Amaryllidoideae is a subfamily of monocotflowering plants in the  family  Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. The most recent APG classification, APG III, takes a broad view of the Amaryllidaceae, which then has three subfamilies, one of which is Amaryllidoideae (the old family Amaryllidaceae), and the others are Allioideae (the old family Alliaceae) and Agapanthoideae (the old family Agapanthaceae). The subfamily consists of about sixty genera, with over eight hundred species, and a worldwide distribution.
          The Amaryllidoideae are herbaceous, perennialflowering plants, usually with  bulbs  (some are rhizomatous). Their fleshy leaves are arranged in two vertical columns, and their flowers are large.
           + Taxonomy
               The subfamily has been further divided into 15 groups or tribes and subtribes. 
               1- Tribe Amaryllideae Dumortier
               2- Tribe Calostemmateae D. & U. Müller-Doblies
               3- Tribe Cyrtantheae Traub
               4- Tribe Haemantheae Hutch.
               5- Tribe Lycoridae D. & U. Müller-Doblies
               6- Tribe Galantheae Parlatore
               7- Tribe Pancratieae Dumortier
               8- Tribe Narcisseae Lamarck & de Candolle
               9- Tribe Hippeastreae Sweet
               10- Tribe Eustephieae Hutch.
               11- Tribe Hymenocallideae Small
               12- Tribe Stenomesseae Traub
               13- Tribe Eucharidae Hutch.
               14- Tribe Clinantheae Meerow
                15- Tribe Griffineae Ravenna

                                                                                                                   Edited by Ho Dinh Hai
                                                                                                                                                                  Long An - Vietnam
                                                                              References
              1- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagales
              2- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaryllidaceae
              3- http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Agapanthoideae
              4- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapanthus
              5- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allioideae
              6- http://crescentbloom.com/plants/Subfamilia/A/Allioideae.htm
              7- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium
              8- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaryllidoideae
               9- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Allium_species
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