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Genus Triticum
Wheat Genus

Edited by Ho Dinh Hai
Long An - Vietnam
Updated: 3/5/2015

1- Introduction to the Genus Triticum - Wheat

             1.1- Scientific classification
             Kingdom:       Plantae
                 (unranked):         Angiosperms
                 (unranked):         Monocots
                 (unranked):         Commelinids
             Order:             Poales
             Family:           Poaceae
             Subfamily:     Pooideae
             Tribe:              Triticeae
             Genus:             Triticum
L.
           1.2- Genus Triticum L. - Wheat genus
            + Overview

               Triticum L. (Wheat) is a Genus of Triticeae Tribe, Pooideae Subfamily, Poaceae Subfamily.
       Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a cereal grain, originally from the Levant region of the Near East but now cultivated worldwide.
            The most common forms of wheat are white and red wheat. However, other natural forms of wheat exist. For example, in the highlands of Ethiopia grows purple wheat, a tetraploid species of wheat that is rich in anti-oxidants. Other commercially minor but nutritionally promising species of naturally evolved wheat species include black, yellow and blue wheat.
           In 2013, Wheat is grown on more than 218,000,000  hectares  (540,000,000  acres),  larger than for any other crop. World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined. With rice, wheat is the world's most favored staple food. It is a major diet component because of the wheat plant’s agronomic adaptability with the ability to grow from near arctic regions to equator, from sea level to plains of Tibet, approximately 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level. In addition to agronomic adaptability, wheat offers ease of grain storage and ease of converting grain into flour for making edible, palatable, interesting and satisfying foods. Wheat is the most important source of carbohydrate in a majority of countries.

              + Top 15 of wheat producers in 2013 are:
           China, India, United States, Russia, France, Canada, Germany, Pakistan, Australia, Ukraine, Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan, United Kingdom and Poland.

2- Taxonomy of the Genus Triticum

            2.1- Major cultivated species of wheat
           + Hexaploid Species
              1- Common wheat or Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) - A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world.
              2- Spelt (Triticum  spelta) - Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities. Spelt is sometimes considered a subspecies of the closely related species common wheat (Triticum aestivum), in which case its botanical name is considered to be Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta.

           + Tetraploid Species
           1- Durum (Triticum durum) - The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat.
                2- Emmer (Triticum dicoccon) - A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use.
              3- Khorasan (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum also called Triticum turanicum) is a tetraploid wheat species. It is an ancient grain type; Khorasan refers to a historical region in modern-day Afghanistan and the northeast of Iran. This grain is twice the size of modern-day wheat and is known for its rich nutty flavor.

            + Diploid Species
               1- Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) - A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance.
                Classes used in the United States:
            - Durum - Very hard, translucent, light-colored grain used to make semolina flour forpasta & bulghur; high in protein, specifically, gluten protein.
             - Hard Red Spring - Hard, brownish, high-protein wheat used for bread and hard baked goods. Bread Flour and high-gluten flours are commonly made from hard red spring wheat. It is primarily traded at the Minneapolis Grain Exchange.
             - Hard Red Winter - Hard, brownish, mellow high-protein wheat used for bread, hard baked goods and as an adjunct in other flours to increase protein in pastry flour for pie crusts. Some brands of unbleached all-purpose flours are commonly made from hard red winter wheat alone. It is primarily traded on the Kansas City Board of Trade. One variety is known as "turkey red wheat", and was brought to Kansas by Mennonite immigrants from Russia.
             - Soft Red Winter - Soft, low-protein wheat used for cakes, pie crusts, biscuits, andmuffins. Cake flour, pastry flour, and some self-rising flours with baking powder and salt added, for example, are made from soft red winter wheat. It is primarily traded on the Chicago Board of Trade.
               - Hard White - Hard, light-colored, opaque, chalky, medium-protein wheat planted in dry, temperate areas. Used for bread and brewing.
              - Soft White - Soft, light-colored, very low protein wheat grown in temperate moist areas. Used for pie crusts and pastry. Pastry flour, for example, is sometimes made from soft white winter wheat.
Red wheats may need bleaching; therefore, white wheats usually command higher prices than red wheats on the commodities market.
              Source: Wheat - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
             2.2- List of Species
                  Depending on NCBI-Taxonomy-Browser (May 2015)
                  Genus Triticum (including 52 species)
                 1- Triticum aestivum (bread wheat)
                 2- Triticum aestivum x Triticum dicoccoides
                 3- Triticum aestivum x Triticum timopheevi (common wheat x Sanduri wheat)
                 4- Triticum antiquorum
                 5- Triticum carthlicum (Persian black wheat)
                 6- Triticum compactum
                 7- Triticum dicoccoides (wild emmer wheat)
                 8- Triticum dicoccon (cultivated emmer wheat)
                 9- Triticum flaksbergeri
                10- Triticum ispahanicum
                11- Triticum kiharae
                12- Triticum macha
                13- Triticum monococcum (einkorn wheat)
                14- Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides x Triticum urartu
                15- Triticum palmovae
                16- Triticum petropavlovskyi
                17- Triticum polonicum (Polish wheat)
                18- Triticum spelta (spelt)
                19- Triticum sphaerococcum
                20- Triticum timopheevii (Sanduri wheat)
                21- Triticum turgidum (English wheat)
               22- Triticum urartu
               23- Triticum x dimococcum
               24- Triticum x fungicidum
               25- Triticum x soveticum
               26- Triticum x timococcum
               27- Triticum zhukovskyi
               28- Triticum durum x Triticosecale sp.
               29- Triticum sp.
               30- Triticum sp. 2013053106-2
               31- Triticum sp. CH_E102Smono
               32- Triticum sp. CH_E108Smono
               33- Triticum sp. CH_E10Amono
               34- Triticum sp. CH_E15Amono
               35- Triticum sp. CH_E16Amono
               36- Triticum sp. CH_E19Amono
               37- Triticum sp. CH_E1Amono
               38- Triticum sp. CH_E24Amono
               39- Triticum sp. CH_E28Amono
               40- Triticum sp. CH_E2Amono
               41- Triticum sp. CH_E39Amono
               42- Triticum sp. CH_E65Smono
               43- Triticum sp. CH_E76Smono
               44- Triticum sp. CH_M3Sdcum
               45- Triticum sp. CH_M4Sdcum
               46- Triticum sp. CH_M53Sdcum
               47- Triticum sp. CH_M59Adcum
               48- Triticum sp. CH_M5Sdcum
               49- Triticum sp. CH_M67Adcum
               50- Triticum sp. CH_M6Sdcum
               51- Triticum sp. CH_M7Sdcum
               52- Triticum sp. CH_M8Sdcum
           Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode...

                2.3- Common Accepted Species
                1- Triticum aestivum
                2- Triticum aethiopicum
                3- Triticum araraticum
                4- Triticum boeoticum
                5- Triticum carthlicum
                6- Triticum compactum
                7- Triticum dicoccoides
                8- Triticum dicoccon
                9- Triticum durum
               10- Triticum ispahanicum
               11- Triticum karamyschevii
               12- Triticum macha
               13- Triticum militinae
               14- Triticum monococcum
               15- Triticum polonicum
               16- Triticum spelta
               17- Triticum sphaerococcum
               18- Triticum timopheevii
               19- Triticum turanicum
               20- Triticum turgidum
               21- Triticum urartu
               22- Triticum vavilovii
               23- Triticum zhukovskyi
           Source: Wheat - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

                                                                                                                                       Edited by Ho Dinh Hai
                                                                                                                                                                                            Long An - Vietnam
                                                                                                 References
               1- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poales
               2- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae
               3- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooideae
               4- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=147368
               5- http://www.scientificlib.com/en/Biology/.../Ampelodesmos.html
               6- http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aveneae
               7- http://www.herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Brachypodieae.htm
               8- http://drmgoeswild.com/grass-identification-the-tribes-of-grasses-5-brachypodieae/
               9- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachypodium
               10- http://drmgoeswild.com/grass-identification-the-tribes-of-grasses-3-bromeae/
               11- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromus
              12- http://drmgoeswild.com/grass-identification-the-tribes-of-grasses-6-meliceae/
              13- http://drmgoeswild.com/the-tribes-of-grasses-7-nardeae/
              14- http://drmgoeswild.com/grass-tribes-triticeae/
              15- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticeae.
See Video about: The Journey Wheat into Flour - Part 1
See Video about: Wheat Harvest 2015
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